介绍:
最后一单元了，总算是到了最后，作为收尾，并不完美，然而我并没有什么意愿要录快速的，如果有需要再告诉我吧，不过按我这慢性，即使我答应了，估计也不会很快就完成吧。。。感觉我不适合约定什么。。
总之，现在就先给这个必修五画句号吧。
新年快乐。
必修5
Unit 5 First aid
Reading
FIRST AID FOR BURNS
The skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ. You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease, poisons and the sun's harmful rays. The functions of your skin are also very complex: it keeps you warm or cool; it prevents your body from losing too much water; it is where you feel cold, heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch. So as you can imagine, if your skin gets burned it can be very serious. First aid is a very important first step in the treatment of bums.
Causes of burns
You can get burned by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation (by being close to high heat or fire, etc), the sun, electricity or chemicals.
Types of burns
There are three types of burns. Burns are called first, second or third degree burns, depending on
which layers of the skin are burned.
◎ First degree burns These affect only the top layer of the skin. These burns are not serious and should feel better within a day or two. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching a hot pan, stove or iron for a mordent.
◎ Second degree burns These affect both the top and the second layer of the skin. These bums are serious and take a few weeks to heal. Examples include severe sunburn and burns caused by hot liquids.
◎ Third degree burns These affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs under the skin. Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or severe petrol fires. These burns cause very severe injuries and the victim must go to hospital at once.
Characteristics of burns
First degree burns
◎ dry, red and mildly swollen
◎ mildly painful
◎ turn white when pressed
Second degree burns
◎ rough, red and swollen
◎ blisters
◎ watery surface
◎ extremely painful
Third degree burns
◎ black and white and charred
◎ swollen; often tissue under them can be seen
◎ little or no pain if nerves are damaged; may be pain around edge of injured area.
First aid treatment
1.Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn. Take off other clothing and jewellery near the burn.
2.Cool burns immediately with cool but not icy water. It is best to place burns under gently running water for about 10 minutes. (The cool water stops the burning process, prevents the pain becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.) Do not put cold water on third degree burns.
3.For first degree burns, place cool, clean, wet cloths on them until the pain is not so bad. For second degree burns, keep cloths cool by putting them back in a basin of cold water, squeezing them out and placing them on the burned area over and over again for about an hour until the pain is not so bad.
4.Dry the burned area gently. Do not rob, as this may break any blisters and the wound may get infected.
5.Cover the burned area with a dry, clean bandage that will not stick to the skin. Hold the bandage in place with tape. Never put butter, oil or ointment on bums as they keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.
6.If bums are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if possible. If bums are on the face, the victim should sit up.
7.If the injuries are second or third degree bums, it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.
第五单元 急救
阅读:
烧伤的急救
皮肤是身体必不可少的部分，也是身体最大的器官。皮肤有三层，它们是防病、防毒、抵御太阳有害光线侵害的一道屏障。皮肤的功能十分复杂。皮肤可以保暖或御寒，保持体内水分。正是皮肤使你感到冷热，疼痛，它还使你有触觉，因此，你可以想象到，如果你的皮肤烧伤了，就可能非常严重。在治疗烧伤的过程中，紧急处理是非常重要的第一步。
烧伤的原因：
你可能因为各种原因而烧伤：灼热的液体、水蒸汽、火、辐射（由于靠近高温或大火等），阳光、电和化学物品。
烧伤的种类：
烧伤有三类，根据皮肤烧伤的层次分为一度烧伤、二度烧伤和三度烧伤。 ·一度烧伤：只损伤皮层的最上层。烧伤并不严重，应当在一两天内就有好转。例如轻度的晒伤，由于短暂接触热锅、火炉或熨斗而导致的熨伤。
·二度烧伤：既损伤了皮肤的最上层，又损伤了皮质的第二层。这类烧伤属于严重的烧伤，需数星期才能痊愈。例如，严重的晒伤和灼热的液体所造成的烧伤。
·三度烧伤：所有三层皮质以及皮下的组织和器官都受到损害。例如由电击而引起的烧伤，因衣服起火引起的烧伤，或因汽油起火引起的烧伤。这些烧伤都属于非常严重的烧伤，受伤者必须立即送往医院。
烧伤的特性：
一度烧伤：·干燥、发红、微肿
·微痛
·受伤时变白
二度烧伤：·粗糙、发红、肿胀
·起水泡
·表层渗液
·极其疼痛
三度灼伤：·黑，白和焦炭色相同
·肿胀，可看到皮下组织
·若损坏了神经，则没有疼痛或轻微疼痛，或者在创面四周
有痛感
急救处理：
1. 除非衣服粘贴在烧伤面上，否则都要把它脱掉（必要时可用剪刀帮助）。靠近创面的其他衣物和首饰也都要取掉。
2. 马上那个用凉水给伤口冲凉，但不能用冰水。最好是把烧伤的部位放在慢速流动的自来水下冲洗大约10分钟。（凉水可以组织烧伤的进程，可以防止无法忍受的疼痛，还可以减轻肿胀程度）。三度烧伤不可用冷水冲。
3. 对于一度烧伤的患者，要把清凉干净的湿布放在烧伤面上，直到疼痛感较轻时为止。对于二度烧伤，要保持湿布清凉，需把湿布放回冷水盆中，拧出水后再放在烧伤面上，这样要反反复复地做一个小时左右，直到不太痛时为止。
4. 轻轻地把烧伤面弄干，但不要擦拭，因为这样做可能会擦破水泡，导致伤口感染。
5. 用干而清洁又不粘皮肤的绷带盖住烧伤面，用胶布把绷带固定，千万不要在烧伤处涂黄油、油或软膏，因为这会使里面的热散不出去，而且还可能导致感染。
6. 如果烧伤的部位在臂部或腿部，尽可能把手臂或腿部抬高到高于心脏的位置。如果是面部烧伤，伤者应该坐起来。
7. 如果属于二度或三度烧伤，就必须立即把患者送往医院或送去看医生。
