连读、加音、爆破、同化、省音、弱读、浊化
——英语常见语流现象
1. 连读:
两个相邻单词首尾音素自然的拼读在一起,中间不停顿,被称为连读。连读只发生在同一意群之内,即意思联系紧密的短语或从句之内。
1)词尾辅音+词首元音,如:
Standˆup.
Notˆatˆall.
Putˆitˆon, please.
Please pickˆitˆup.
I'mˆanˆEnglish boy.
Itˆisˆanˆold book.
Let me haveˆa lookˆatˆit.
Ms Black worked inˆanˆoffice.
I called you halfˆanˆhourˆago.
2)词尾不发音r或re+词首元音,词尾r发音/r/。如:
farˆaway
Hereˆis a letter for you.
Hereˆare fourˆeggs.
whereˆis my cup?
Whereˆare your brotherˆand sister?
They're my fatherˆand mother.
I looked forˆit hereˆand there.
Thereˆis a football underˆit.
Thereˆare some books on the desk.
注:当有意群进行停顿时不可连读。如:
Isˆit a hat orˆa cat?(hat 与or 之间不可以连读)
Thereˆisˆa good book in my desk. (book 与in 之间不可以连读)
Can you speakˆEnglish or French? (English 与or 之间不可以连读)
Shall we meet atˆeight or ten tomorrow morning? (meet 与 at,eight 与or 之间不可以连读)
She opened the door and walkedˆin. (door 与and 之间不可以连读)
2. 加音:
在连贯的语流中,人们往往会在两个元音之间加入一个外加音帮助发音,从而更加流畅地表达意思。
1)词尾元音/ʊ,u:/+词首元音,在词尾加上一个轻微的/w/。如:
Go w away.
How w and why did you come here?
The question is too w easy for him to answer.
2)词尾元音/ɪ,i:/+词首元音,在词尾加上一个轻微的/j/。如:
I j am Chinese.
She can't carry j it.
I j also need the j other one.
He j is very friendly to me.
She wants to study j English.
It'll take you three j hours to walk there.
3. 失去爆破与不完全爆破:
1)失去爆破:爆破音+爆破音
当两个爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/相邻时,前一个爆破音只按其发音部位做好发音口形、形成阻碍,而不爆破出来,稍微停顿后即发出后面的辅音。前一个爆破音被称为失去爆破。失去爆破产生的原因大体上是由于省力原则造成的。如:
Kept/Blackboard/Notebook/Goodbye/September/Suitcase
Big boy
Sharp pencil
What time
You must pay.
Ask Bob to sit behind me.
She took good care of the children.
2)不完全爆破:
A)爆破音+摩擦音
爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/与摩擦音/f,v,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,θ,ð,r,h/相邻时,产生不完全爆破。发摩擦音时,发音器官并不形成阻碍而只形成一个很狭小的缝隙,让气流从缝隙中摩擦而出。如果一个爆破音与摩擦音相接,它爆破冲出的气流只能从狭小的缝隙中通过,这种爆破是不完全的。失去爆破产生的原因大体上是由于省力原则造成的。如:
Advance/Success
A good view
Old friends
Just then
Get through
Make sure
Night show
Keep silence.
Keep that in mind.
B)爆破音+破擦音
爆破音与破擦音/tʃ,dʒ,tr,dr/相邻时,产生不完全爆破。如:
Picture/Object
That child
Good job
Sweet dream
Great changes
A fast train
C)爆破音+鼻辅音
爆破音与鼻辅音/m,n,ŋ/相邻时:在词中,不完全爆破;在词尾,鼻腔爆破。如:
Utmost/Admit/Midnight/Certain/Button/Garden
Good morning
Good night
Start now
I don’t know
Just moment
A good neighbor
D)爆破音+边辅音
爆破音与边辅音/l/相邻时:在词中,不完全爆破;在词尾,舌侧爆破。如:Lately/Badly/Mostly/Friendly
A bit louder
I’d like to
Straight line
Good luck
At last
At lunch
4. 浊化:
1)/s/ 后面的清辅音要浊化。 如:
/k/浊化成/g/: scar/school/discussion
/t/浊化成/d/: stand/student/mistake
/p/浊化成/b/: spring/spirit/expression
2)美音中,当/t/出现在两个元音之间并且处于非重读位置的时候,/t/需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。这样,writer听起来和rider 的发音几乎没有区别。如:
Letter/water/better/duty/bitter/city
I got it.
Would you please pick it up?
注:/t/如果处于重读位置的话,即使在两个元音之间也不需要浊化。请比较:
清晰的/t/ 浊化的/t/
I'talian 'Italy
a'tomic 'atom
La'tino 'Latin
pho'tographer 'photograph
3)美音中,当/t/前面是一个元音,后面是一个模糊的/l/,且处于非重读位置,/t/也需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。如:
Battle/bottle/cattle/little/rattle/settle
4) 美音中,当/t/前面是一个清辅音或前鼻音/n/,后面是一个元音,且处于非重读位置,/t/也需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。如:
Twenty/fifty/center/after/faster/actor/sister/yesterday