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学更多地道英语口语，关注公众微信【 ，如果想系统学习提高英语口语能力，报名吉米老师听力口语特训班，百度传课网chuanke.com 搜索：听力口语特训班，看到第一个即可报名，400个同学报名啦，100%好评哦！Some European Languages Came by Steppe【科学60秒】 欧洲语言的起源问题Modern European languages tend to share their names with the places they're spoken. Swedish: Sweden. German: Germany. And so on. But where'd they come from before that? One theory is the "Anatolian hypothesis," Anatolia referring roughly to the Asian part of Turkey. "So the proposal was that it was agriculturalists from the Near East and present-day Turkey and Cyprus who were bringing agriculture to Europe. And that this mass movement of people bringing agriculture, also brought languages." David Reich, a geneticist at Harvard Medical School.现代欧洲各国的语言和它们流通的地方在命名上趋于一致。瑞典语：瑞典。德语：德国。诸如此类。但是在被确定之前，它们是从何而来的呢？有一个相关的理论被称为“安纳托利亚假说”，安纳托利亚语参考地区大概是土耳其在亚洲的那部分。“所以它所强调的是近东以及现在的土耳其和塞浦路斯的农学家们给欧洲普及了农业知识和实践。并且大量的人群迁徙活动带来了农业也带来了语言。” David Reich，一位哈佛医学院的遗传学家这样解释道。The Anatolian hypothesis has languages from the Indo-European family hitting Europe around 8,500 years ago. But as with any academic theory, there's a competing idea: the so-called "steppe hypothesis." Which says it was herders—not farmers—who galloped in from the grasslands of central Asia five or six thousand years ago, bringing language with them. But the steppe hypothesis was lacking for evidence.安纳托利亚假说支持印欧语系中的语言大概是在8500年前传入欧洲。但是正如所有研究理论那样，这项内容也有一个与该假说相竞争的另外的理论观点：也就是所谓的“大草原假说”。这个假说支持的观点是，放牧人——而不是农民——在5，6千年前，从中亚地区策马奔腾带着他们所用的语言进入欧洲。但是这种大草原假说一致缺乏有力的证据。Now Reich and his colleagues have analyzed the DNA found in the remains of 94 ancient Europeans. And this molecular evidence does indeed point to a migration from the steppe into central Europe about 4,500 years ago. "And it's a massive event—at least three quarters of the population got replaced by people who are never in that part of continental Europe before." The finding is in the journal Nature. [Wolfgang Haak et al, Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe]现在Reich 和他的同事们分析了取自于94个古老的欧洲人残骸中的DNA样本。这些分子层面上的证据确实指出4500年前有一批移民从大草原迁移到了中欧地区。“而这可是一项重大事件——这批移民至少占据了该地区人口的四分之三，此前他们从没有居住在欧洲大陆的这部分地区。 ”该研究的结论已发表在《自然》杂质上。Of course old bones tell us only so much. "So genetics is of course silent on the languages people spoke and we'll never be able to figure that out. We can only determine migrations occurred." But a migration of this scale, he says, surely delivered at least some of Europe's languages. "Perhaps the languages spoken in parts of northern Europe today"—like the one I'm speaking right now.当然这些古老的人类残骸告诉我们的只有这么多了。“所以遗传学当然没有试图解释人类语言相关的内容，并且我们以后也不能这么做。我们只能说我们根据遗传学的证据确定有人类迁徙活动发生过。”但是这种规模的迁徙活动，他说， 确实也至少带来了欧洲地区现在使用的一些语言。“或许就有当下欧洲北部部分地区被人们正在使用的语言”——就像现在我正在说的这种。—Christopher Intagliata
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