DWD20200229

David's Time With Peter F. Drucker 2020.2.29 One is surely that organization has to be transparent. People have to know and have to understand the organization structure they are supposed to work in. This sounds obvious——but it is far too often violated in most institutions (even in the military. Another principle I have already mentioned: Someone in the organization must have the authority to make the final decision in a given area. And someone must clearly be in command in a CRISIS. It also is a sound principle that authority be commensurate with responsibility. It is a sound principle that one person in an organization should have only one "master." There is wisdom to the old proverb of the Roman Law that a slave who has three masters is a free man. It is a very old principle of human relations that no one should be put into a conflict of loyalties——and having more than one "master" creates such a conflict (which, by the way, is the reason that the "Jazz Combo" team, so popular now, is so difficult——every one of its members has two masters, the head of the specialty function, for example, engineering, and the team leader). It is a sound, structural principle to have the fewest layers, that is, to have an organization that is as "flat" as possible——if only because, as Information Theory tells us, "every relay doubles the noise and cuts the message in half." ——《Management Challenges for the 21st Century·Chapter1》(Peter F.Drucker,1999)