DWD20200307

David's Time With Peter F. Drucker 2020.3.7 Technologies and End-users Are Fixed and Given Four major assumptions, as said above, have been underlying the PRACTICE of Management all along——in fact for much longer than there has been a DISCIPLINE of Management. The assumptions about technology and end-users to a very large extent underlie the rise of modern business and of the modern economy altogether. They go back to the very early days of the Industrial Revolution . Out of this insight grew not only Siemens's own company with its own research lab, but also the German chemical industry, which assumed worldwide leadership because it based itself on the assumption that chemistry——and especially organic chemistry——had its own unique technology. Out of it then grew all the other major leading companies the world over, whether the American electrical and chemical companies, the automobile companies, the telephone companies and so on. Out of this insight then grew what may well be the most successful invention of the 19th century the research laboratory——the last one almost a century after Siemens's, the 1950 lab of IBM——and at around the same time the research labs of the major pharmaceutical companies as they emerged as a worldwide industry after World War Ⅱ. ——《Management Challenges for the 21st Century·Chapter1》(Peter F.Drucker,1999)