GA2020.8.2

David's Time With Peter F. Drucker 2020.8.2 冠鼎学院（GA）——识别·培养·考验未来的领导者 The legal entity, the company, is a reality for shareholders, for creditors, for employees, and for tax collectors. But economically, it is fiction. What matters in the marketplace is the economic reality the costs of the entire process, regardless of who owns what. Again and again in business history, an unknown company has come from nowhere and in a few short years has overtaken the established leaders without apparently even breathing hard. The explanation always given is superior strategy, superior technology, superior marketing, or lean manufacturing. But in every single case, the newcomer also enjoys a tremendous cost advantage, usually about 30 percent. The reason is always the same: the new company knows and manages the costs of the entire economic chain rather than its costs alone. ——《Management Challenges for the 21st Century · Chapter4 Information Challenges》(Peter F.Drucker,1999)