每日听写10.23-27（选）初级技术移民技术与分裂汇总

每日听写10.23-27（选）初级技术移民技术与分裂汇总 United States 美国 Skilled Immigration: Six degrees and separation 技术移民：六级与分裂 Immigrants are arriving better educated than ever before. 移民受教育水平比以往有所提高 Jose Rommel Umano, who is originally from the Philippines, moved to New York last autumn. Jose Rommel Umano 来自菲律宾，他去年秋天搬到了纽约。珍妮·贝塔罗娃说道，这种程度在美国是没有过的。 He came on a family-reunification visa and joined his wife, who had been living in America for some time. 他的签证是家庭团聚签证，他的妻子已经在美国生活了一段时间。 This is a typical tale: America gives more weight to close family members when considering immigration applications than some other rich countries do. 这是一个典型的故事：当考虑移民申请时，美国比其他发达国家更加重视家庭成员。 More surprising is that Mr Rommel Umano arrived with a master's degree from the University of Tokyo and 20 years of experience as an architect in Japan. 令人更加惊讶的是，Rommel Umano 有东京大学的硕士学位和在日本20年的建筑师从业经验。 Yet this, it turns out, is typical too. 然而，这也很典型。 Nearly half of all immigrants who arrived between 2011 and 2015 were college-educated. 将近一半在2011-2015年来到美国的移民有大学学历。 This is a level “unheard of” in America, says Jeanne Batalova, co-author of the paper containing the finding published by the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), a think-tank. 她是智库移民政策机构(MPI)出版的相关论文的其中一个作者。 One of Donald Trump's many executive orders instructed the Departments of Labour, Justice and Homeland Security to examine immigration rules. 唐纳德·特朗普众多行政命令中有一条指示，要求劳动部、司法部及国土安全部来审查移民规定。 The president, whose hostility to illegal migrants is well-known, has also said that he would like to change the criteria for choosing legal ones, pointing to Canada or Australia as models for America to copy. 总统先生对非法移民的敌对态度是世人皆知的，他也说过他希望改变遴选合法移民的标准，指明要把加拿大与澳大利亚作为美国模仿的样板。 In 1967 Canada became the first country to introduce a points system for immigration; Canada and Australia now both give priority to would-be migrants with degrees, work experience and fluent English (and, in Canada, French). 1967年，加拿大成为第一个把积分系统引入移民政策的国家；如今加拿大与澳大利亚都把学历、工作经验与英语流利程度（以及在加拿大的法语）作为预备移民的优选项。 Some of the president's advisers think this more hard-headed system is better than America's family-centred approach. 总统先生的一些顾问认为这种冷静务实的系统要优于美国以家庭为中心的方法。 The doomed immigration bill from 2013 that died in the House of Representatives also reflected widespread enthusiasm for a points-based system. 2013年以来的移民法案在众议院被否决，这也反映出人们对积分系统的热情正在扩散。 Two things ought to temper this enthusiasm. 有两件事会使这种热情平复。 First, Canada and Australia have concluded that pure points systems do not work well. 第一，加拿大与澳大利亚已经总结发现单纯的积分系统并不能有效运行。 A surprisingly high share of the people admitted this way ended up unemployed. 有很大比例的获得准许的人最后会处于失业状态。 Both countries have since changed their immigration criteria so that applicants who have job offers in their pockets may jump the queue. 这两个国家都曾改变了各自的移民标准，这样已经拥有工作录用的申请人有优先权。 Second, migrants who move to America to join family members have become much better educated. 第二，搬到美国与家庭成员团聚的移民已经拥有更好的教育背景。 Of the more than 1m new green-card holders (or permanent residents) in 2015, the most recent year with numbers available, almost half were immediate relatives of citizens. 2015年，超过100万的新绿卡持有者（或永久居民）中近一半都是美国公民的直系亲属。 A further 20% entered through preferences given to other family members. 另外有20%的人从其他家庭成员获得了优先权。 That left just 14% who were sponsored by companies, about the same share who first entered the country as refugees or asylum-seekers (a further 5% were lottery winners). 剩下的人是由公司资助仅有14%，他们是作为难民或寻求庇护者（还有5%是彩票中奖者）首次移民到该国。 Despite this bias towards families, the share of immigrants who arrived with degrees has risen from 27%, for those who arrived between and 1986 and 1990, to almost half now. 尽管存在这种对家庭成员的偏向，但是相对于1986年到1990年间，拥有学位的移民者比例从27%上升到现在的接近半数。 America is not the only rich country to have seen such an increase. 美国并不是唯一一个见证这种增长的发达国家。 According to the OECD (a club of mostly wealthy countries), the number of college-educated migrants heading to member countries grew by 70% between 2001 and 2011. 据经济合作与发展组织（一个大部分是富裕国家的俱乐部）报道，在2001年到2011年间前往成员国的移民中拥有学历者比例增长了70%。 Recent migrants to America are as likely to be highly educated as those who move to Europe are. 最近移民去美国的人和移民去欧洲的人一样，都很可能是受过高等教育的人。 They still lag some way behind Australia and Canada, though. 不过这个比例依旧少于澳大利亚和加拿大。 The result is that America has switched from importing people who are, on average, less educated than the natives to people who are better schooled. 结果是，美国从输入总体上受教育水平低于美国本土的人转变为输入受教育程度较高的人。 Most states gained in college-educated immigrant populations between 2010 and 2015. 在2010年到2015年期间，大多数州接收到了受过大学教育的移民。 Immigrants were more educated than Americans in 26 states. 有26个州的移民比本土美国人受教育程度更高。 “This shift has gone unnoticed by the broader population and policymakers,” says Ms Batalova of the MPI. MPI的贝塔罗娃女士说：“公众及政策制定者都没有意识到这一转变。” Many people have an outdated notion of who immigrants are, conflating them with the undocumented. 许多人对移民的认识已经过时，他们将移民和非法入境者混为一谈。 The number of undocumented migrants has been falling, but even they are more likely to have a degree these days: the MPI reckons that a fifth of graduate immigrants are undocumented. 非法入境者的数量在下降，并且即便是非法移民，在今天他们也大多拥有学位，MPI认为五分之一的拥有硕士学位的移民是非法入境。 Nearly a third of refugees have at least one degree. 近乎三分之一的难民有至少一个学位。 One difficulty even educated migrants face on arrival is that employers do not always recognise foreign degrees and experience abroad. 但即使是受过良好教育的移民在落地后也会遇到一个困难：雇主往往并不承认国外学位以及工作经历。