Red Herring
The Agatha Christie Novel, The Murder on the Orient Express, is littered with red herrings to throw the readers off the real murderer
Cathy, the lawyer, had to detect clues and red herrings when she looked at the crime scene
The movie World War Z plants many red herrings for Brad Pitt to investigate
Definition: something that misleads or distracts from the relevant or important issue in a book or movie
Etymology: A red herring was actually a kipper with a very strong smell. puppy learned to follow the scent. Later, when the dog was being trained to follow the faint odor of a fox or a badger, the trainer would drag a red herring (whose strong scent confuses the animal) perpendicular to the animal's trail to confuse the dog.
The dog eventually learned to follow the original scent rather than the stronger scent.
Running gag
In the first two seasons of Modern Family, there is a running gag of the character Phil tripping on the staircase
The British slap-stick comedy, Bo selecta, has a running gag of a person impersonating Craig David and saying the name "Craig David"
The Comedy Big Bang Theory features a running gag of the character Penny giving an expression like she is smelling feces after she doesn't understand nerd talk
Definition: amusing joke or a comical reference and appears repeatedly throughout a work of literature or other form of storytelling
Etymology: Gag means a joke. And runnings just means recurring
Subtext
Although Picasso's Guernica is a beautiful painting it is hard to miss the Anti-facist subtext
Although Hiyao Miyazaki has garnered many fans with his movies like Kiki's Delivery Service, Spirited Away and Princess Mononoke, some are oblivious to the obvious feminist, anti-war and environmental subtext
It is revealed through subtext that Professor Snape loves Harry Potter
Definition: content is not announced explicitly by the characters or author, but is implicit or becomes something understood by the observer of the work as the production unfolds