介绍:
Friendship ignites the part of the brain that makes us feel good, which makes us want to keep hanging out with our friends. But it’s still not quite clear why. “There are a lot of things we don’t know,” Dr. Lauren Brent, an evolutionary biologist and professor at University of Exeter, told me when we spoke on the phone in February. “Friendship was long considered a soft topic, which is a shame considering how important friendship is to all of our lives.” But what we do know about all those happy brain chemicals, in both humans and monkeys, can inform evolutionary hypotheses. Dr. Brent explained the deeper, historical, evolutionary reasons we (probably) make friends.
DR. LAUREN BRENT: You can quantify how important friendship is by, say, recording how much time each of us spends talking to, interacting with, or thinking about our friends, or how much pain people feel when they lose a friend or get in a fight with a friend. One of the ways to get at the question of why we make friends is to look at the brain. In people and other animals that have friends, we know that all those nice, lovely chemicals like dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin are involved. The best hypothesis as to why that might be is because they motivate us to act in a friendly way. If interacting with friends feels good, if it relieves stress, and releases dopamine, it motivates you to do that behavior another time. It sounds calculating and weird to talk about people that way, but it’s true! The chemicals in our brains make us behave in certain ways, and some of those are ingrained in us in evolutionary terms — because it happens in animals too — to make us do the things that are good for us.
If being social is something you’re supposed to do as a human because it benefits you, then the first point of call is always going to be your family — if they do well, then your genes do well, too. But people and lots of other animals live in big groups where they’re surrounded by not only their family but non-family members. Because we see [friendship] happening in little groups of monkeys, where they form relationships with non-family members, that suggests it’s a pattern that isn’t removed from our evolutionary past. It’s not just some weird thing of modern human life.
It’s an evolutionary puzzle. You invest time, energy, and real goods like money or stuff that you own that you share. Why in the world would you do that with someone you’re not related to? There must be some way you get a return on your investment. How exactly is the big question mark over the scientific study of friendship. We don’t know exactly — especially if we want to go back in time to early humans and how they were benefitting from friendship. We can guess: when you get in a fight, maybe your friend comes and supports you and makes it less likely that you get fatally injured, or you might want to be friends with the woman who knows where all the best berry patches are, because she’d take you there or come back with lots of food and share with you.
“Friendship isn’t removed from our evolutionary past. It’s not just some weird thing of modern human life.”
Even though our lives are now removed from simple ecological pressures, there’s still that power dynamic and social navigation going on, just for different specific reasons. But the basic reason is still the same: you want information and access to resources. It’s maybe not the most satisfying answer, but the basic take-home message is that we make friends because it gets us something. We know this definitively because lonely people are more likely to die and to have heart disease; and there are all the reward chemicals in our brains that are like, “This feels good. Keep doing this.”
