2020.9.15

David's time with Peter F.Drucker 2020.9.15 冠鼎学院（Guanding Academy）——识别·培养·考验未来领导者的学院。 Another key methodological concept comes out of modern Probability Theory——it is the concept on which, for instance, Total Quality Management is based. It is the difference between normal fluctuations within the range of normal probability distribution and the exceptional event. As long as fluctuations stay within the normal distribution of probability for a given type of event, no action is taken. Such fluctuations are data and not information. But the exception, which falls outside the accepted probability distribution, is information. It calls for action.————《Management Challenges for the 21st Century》Chapter 4.